Pets Should Be Treated Like Family

Yannick Sanchez Pets should be treated like family members I agree with the statement that pats should be treated like family members because they live with us, in our home and we have to take care of them. For example a dog is in more than one way similar to a little child who can not do anything by himself. We have to provide them food, home and if needed medical support. It is trus that a dog would never be as much important as a child would but we can not neglect them either. Another example to show how important can a pet be is the relation he coult have with the children.I personally had a dog when I was a child and he was always by my side, taking care of me. He was a friend and a part of my family. That is why I think they could be important for the children and behave like a protector. They also have a sort a sixth sense that can feel when a person is worried and provide you support just like a human being would. An additional fact that make me think the pets are just like f amily members is the dogs for blind people. These dogs are one of the most important thing he their life because they are the key for their social life.Once again these pets are as much important as the family who can not be 24/7 to help them. We can also take the example of an old couple who is retired. They now live alone and a plenty of time to spend. Having a pet can occupy them and can also protect them. In that way they are like a new member of the family who need to be taken care of. In conclusion I think that pets and particularly dogs should be treated just like a family member for all that they give us and support they could be for certain people.

The novel crow lake by mary lawson

The fresh Crow Lake written by the gifted Canadian novelist Mary Lawson has already attracted the readers ‘ attending non merely in Canada but besides in many other states. This book was translated into many linguistic communications. Although it is one of the first plant of Mary Lawson the fresh Crow Lake has impressed the readers greatly. From the rubric of the book we can see that this narrative takes topographic point in Crow lake, a instead little farming community located in the northern portion of Ontario. I think that the chief thought of this book is to demo the relationship between the characters who suffered greatly and wholly changed their behaviour and their relation to life. The narrative shows the childhood and the big life of the chief characters whose life is closely connected with the pools situated non far from their house. The chief character of the book Kate Morrison tells a awful narrative of her life. Kate was 7 old ages old when her parents died in the auto accident. Kate, her small sister Bo who was 1,5 old ages old and her brothers Luke and Matt who were much older than Kate became the orphans. They did non desire to populate individually after the awful calamity with their parents. The senior brothers Luke and Matt did everything they could to assist their household to last. Besides the community did non go forth the hapless small kids without their aid. The pools played an of import function non merely in the life of Kate Morrison but besides in the whole secret plan of the novel. May be that is why Mary Lawson, the writer of the novel, chose the rubric of her book Crow Lake. I would wish to analyse the significance of the pools in the novel and do a decision. The calamity that takes topographic point at the really beginning of the narrative had a serious influence on the kids of Morrison household. It is a great psychological injury for the kids who loose the dearest people in their life – their parents. The infantile cryings, their contrite feelings and their journey down memory lane when they had their female parent and male parent near them had a deep influence on the infantile head and the life perceptual experience. Of class their strong desire to remain together as a household is one of the chief points of the book. But I believe that the nucleus of the novel is that Kate tries to happen out what hinders her to be in good dealingss with Matt, her senior brother who ever set her the illustration, who taught her love the pools and the nature about. It is her battle that which sets bounds in her life and makes her hide feelings to Daniel, a immature adult male who is beloved to Kate. The pools in the novel are non simply a topographic point around which some events occur. The pools in the novel mean the more of import and valuable sense: they show those close dealingss between a sister and a brother which are deserving look up toing. Furthermore the pools in the fresh allow us see the immature old ages of Kate when she was guiltless and did non understand those things which she realized subsequently after Matt ‘s treachery. Kate says, â€Å" By the undermentioned September the pools themselves would hold been desecrated twice over, every bit far as I was concerned, and for some old ages after that I did non see them at all. And when I did, it was without Matt, and it was non the same † ( Lawson 218 ) Kate ‘s pick of her future calling depended on the pools in a manner. She was afraid that the pools would decease and at the same clip her remembrances of her childhood would decease excessively. She says, â€Å" I imagined myself traveling back to them one twenty-four hours in the hereafter, looking into their deepness and seeing aˆÂ ¦ nil † No admiration the writer gives precedence to the pools and the chief characters of the fresh Kate and Matt choose biological science as their field of survey. Matt explicated Kate many interesting thoughts about the nature around and the life signifiers of the pools during their legion walks to the pools. Kate learned many interesting things about the polliwogs of different types of toads and the polo-necks, about the triton and the mudcat, about the tops and the H2O striders. She was so enthusiastic hearing to Matt ‘s narratives: â€Å" The involvement which Matt had sparked in me had developed by so into a deeper wonder, and that twelvemonth I was detecting and inquiring about things without being prompted † Therefore she decided to analyze biological science in the University in Toronto and that was her right pick. Besides a great trade of beautiful descriptions of the pools are given in the novel. I think they have a particular function which is reflected in the rubric of the book. It is the writer ‘s conundrum which can be solved by the readers who are watching the class of the events in the novel attentively. I am certain Mary Lawson wants to demo the readers of her novel that nature has a great impact on us. It non merely gives us the chance to bask its beauty but it besides helps us to get the better of troubles which occur in our life and to outwear sorrow as it was in the Kate and Matt ‘s instance. Kate and Matt had a good clip together at the pools and they were happy. They tried non to believe about their household calamity, and watching the life signifiers in the pool they knew that they were the portion of the Nature, the portion of the Universe. When we see the loss of relationship between Kate and Matt we feel pain at our Black Marias. Furthermore Kate is such a individual who is afraid of new close dealingss with Daniel because she does non desire to hold one more loss. She is afraid of puting her fondnesss upon Daniel and puts her occupation and everything that is connected with it on the first topographic point in her life. Mary Lawson ‘s fresh Crow Lake proves the fact that the pools as a portion of Nature helped a immature miss Kate Morrison every bit good as her brothers and sister to last after the calamity in their household. Furthermore the pools became the portion of her remembrances connected with her childhood and with her senior brother Matt. And one more of import decision is that the pools put Kate on the right manner in taking her calling of a life scientist. Kate is certain that the pools are the portion of her life. She says, â€Å" There is no image of my childhood that I carry with me more clearly than that † ( Lawson 4 ) I think that every individual should happen such a topographic point in his or her life given by the Universe which will assist to get the better of the adversities and the wretchednesss of life and bask the happy minutes of life with beloved people.

Using Kiosk Banking to Lower Cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Using Kiosk Banking to Lower Cost - Essay Example Such machines, also called electronic kiosks, are used for data retrieval, information gathering, and dispensing banking services. They have an interface platform and a personal computer powered by software to handle financial transactions. Some kiosks also have videoconferencing, magnetic stripe readers, smart card reader and â€Å"electronic pads† that reproduce signatures on laser printed mortgage forms. The banks also realized later that the use of kiosks needs to be marketed pro-actively. These machines can’t attract customers on their own. Olivetti North America Inc, of Liberty Lake, Washington and NCR, Dayton, Ohio are the market leaders in manufacture of kiosks, though not without competition. The kiosks may differ in variety, color, style and working. Washington Mutual Bank of Seattle has installed its kiosks in discount stores where they are used for requesting loan applications besides normal banking functions. The Bank is also experimenting in the kiosk usage in absence of store staff. The Bank feels that the kiosks have made a positive difference to the business. Ed Reger, vice-president of the Bank says that unlike some other banks, they will not give up on developing customer relations and will not put up kiosks in stand alone environment. Reger feels that places like retail outlets, offices of realtors, and retirement homes hold great potential for the use of kiosks. In a typical kiosk operation, a person can fill an application to open a bank account, append electronic signatures and discuss with customer s ervice department through video conferencing. However, the high costs associated with the technology dissuade smaller institutions from using it. Meanwhile NCR and Affinity Technology group have joined hands to put to use NCR software to develop automated lending capabilities. On the other hand, Olivetti kiosks have different core module for different operations. The machine of Dyad Inc., another manufacturer helps the customers to secure a

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Answer questions - Essay Example These dimensions can be used to determine exercise behavior as shown by numerous studies, such as Arais study in Japan and Rhodes and Smith study (Define Personality: Enduring characteristics that are important to a persons behavior) can frequently be related to personality. The conclusion of the studies showed that Extraversion could be associated with being active and hence pertained to individuals who would exercise more whereas Introversion could be related to a less active behavior. Furthermore it showed that athlete’s had a tendency to be more extroverted, emotionally stable and in some few cases psychotic. (Web) Stage 2 – Fixation/ Diversification – Ensuring the movement is consistent within the current environment and then adapting the movement accordingly so that the performance turns out to be successful. (Web) To clearly understand these two stage let’s look at the example of how playing long-tennis can incorporate the effective use of these two stages. It incorporates the key elements in form of body movement and object manipulation. In the first stage the player will focus on understanding how he must organize his movement to successfully serve to his advantage. He then determines how relevant what move or playing position will be by using the available information for the motor skills. In the second stage, before the opponent strikes the ball in your direction you hold still or shit from spot to spot it depends, (fixate) until you decide what direction the ball might head towards. And finally you incorporate diversification in your movement with perhaps a tennis forehand drive out of reach of opponent. Hence you incorporate key elements of body movement and object manipulation of Gentile’s Model in playing Tennis. According Nideffer’s (1981) framework of the theory of Attentional and Personal Style is used mainly in the process of

Why do you think the way you think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why do you think the way you think - Essay Example I do not prefer change when something is working fine for me. I do not analyze or evaluate when something is not clear or accurate to me. I believe that being a narrow minded person there is no harm. I enjoy being a narrow minded, and I have not faced any serious problems in my life yet. I think that everyone has the right in this world to learn or understand others. I have not been into any complex process which makes me think less critically. Being narrow minded I am not open to new ideas. At times, I am dependent on objects, tools and machines rather than ideas of others but sometimes I think the way other people think or have experienced in their life. There are some situations where I lack in gathering information. I do not communicate with others that much regarding the problems I face. I do not search for evidence when making decisions. I do not make analysis on ideas and sometimes lack in understanding the concepts, information and attitudes. I do not judge people extremely quickly. During reasoning, I sometimes make common mistakes and face confusions. My thinking is based on my emotions and as a result I sometimes involve myself in arguments on things which I do not know. Sometimes I face problems in making others clear about my ideas because of lack in confidence. I always get hooked up by the usual and safe things. I have always preferred a safe side. In my life, so far, I have not stretched my efforts towards critical thinking as I think that I am not in th at stage. I always prefer to explore and accomplish things on my own rather than relying on others. I always prefer working with tools, objects etc instead of depending on ideas, people and data. Being a realistic person I am more of a practical mind, aggressive in nature and conservative at times. However, my communication level might be low because I do not tend to get involved in social activities. At

ART HISTORY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ART HISTORY - Assignment Example Through the friendship, the affiliates of Kino sculpture were reassured of free enterprise on the either side of the borderland. More so, the proponents so the sculpture of Kino as the reminder of modernization that will encourage economic development and prosperity through the removal of discrimination. Paradoxically, those who opposed it so took it as a poignant reminder of discrimination that was prominent at his time (Widdifiied 212). On the other hand, the Villa sculpture was also received with both hospitable and hostile response. The proponents of the Villa sculpture perceived it as a source of inspiration for the continued pursuit of justice and equality as he did in his time of struggle with impartiality. Widdifiied, the mission that Villa came up with in Christianity that helped many through faith are among sweet memory the sculpture invokes (220). Those that opposed the sculpture were a reminder of the sad regional history of those days. To them, a sculpture was evocative of the struggle that the two regions have

Managing Challenges of Cross Cultural Differences in International Essay

Managing Challenges of Cross Cultural Differences in International Business - Essay Example Overview of National Culture & Cross Cultural Differences Culture is a key factor in gaining an insight in to how people behave in different countries, their preferences, attitudes, values and beliefs (Cundiff & Hilger 1988). Their can be implicit and explicit elements of culture embodied in rituals, symbols, gestures, traditions and mannerisms which results in diversity in communication and interaction process within a cross cultural setting (Trompenaar, F. & Hamden-Turner, C. 1998). It is therefore important to understand the underlying national cultures which shape each nation’s interrelations including business dealings (Ohmae, K. 1982). As per Hofstede, culture is â€Å"collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another† (Hofstede, G. 1984. Page 21). While there are various models and theories, which attempts to explain cross cultural differences, some well established explanations of national culture can be found in Fons Trompenaar & Charles Hampden-Turner’s model of Seven Dimensions of Culture; Geert Hofstede’s Indices of Work Related Values and The theory of Silent Languages of Culture proposed by Hall. 3. Overview of the Countries in Context United States Of America As a forerunner in business and trade, political affairs and social change, United States of America is a country which has a diverse and multicultural social environment.Driven by cultural values such as innovation, independence and individualism, (Hill 2003) American society allowes for social mobility depicted by the â€Å"American Dream.† ... Analysis of Cross Cultural Similarities & Differences While there may exist certain cultural similarities between nations, the implications it carries for business may vary. The analysis focuses on identifying cultural similarities and differences, which exists between USA, Japan and India. 4.1 Treatment of Agreements and Legal process This can be assessed within the dimension of Universalism vs. Particularism, where universalism places greater importance upon the rules in the society while the particularism focus on the circumstances involved when making decisions about what is right and wrong (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 1998). USA, which is a highly universalistic culture, places greater emphasis upon business contracts, rules and regulations but in contrast, Japan and India which are more particularistic cultures considers circumstances and relationships more in making decisions. Halls language of friendship can also be used in assessing this cross-cultural aspect. The Americans tend to make friends easily and quickly but these are of transient nature. The Japanese tend to take time in forming relationships but their commitment to the relationship is high. Even if disputes arise, Japanese try reconciliation process while Americans resort quickly to litigation process (Weiss 2001). Indians too choose more in formal means of resolving issues than litigation but are generally quick in establishing relationships.

Immigration to the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immigration to the United States - Essay Example Rather than live as de facto slaves on European estates they moved to America where they could be free. There were clear implications for America, but often obscured ones for Europe too. Another important point that Handlin makes in Chapter 1 involves the process of what can only be called natural selection. The passage from Europe to America was a harsh one. Only the stronger survived it. He writes that the features that allowed for success were more than physical; the ability to adapt mentally and socially were vital. Also in Chapter 1, Bodnar takes issue with the notion that immigrants had a monolithic approach to adapting to the new American life. Every individual and family found their own path. Some called themselves Americans right away and embraced the American capitalist ethic. Others spent generations finding their place. Similarly, as is explained dramatically in Chapter 2, Africa changed too because of â€Å"immigration† to America. Coastal Africans were abducted a nd sailed far across the sea to other lands. It is hard to know due to the dearth of information how this effected these African communities, but the consequences must surely have been devastating.

The security strengths and weaknesses of the Internet Essay

The security strengths and weaknesses of the Internet - Essay Example Internet security is very important for a person who keeps or sends important data over the network. â€Å"A basic knowledge of internet security is essential for anyone who uses the web for tasks such as email, networking and shopping† (Paul). Importance of Internet Privacy Internet security has become one of the main concerns for every individual connected to the internet for any purpose. It is because there are a number of hackers present on the internet continuously trying to break into other computers in order to steal important data or to destroy the important data. Hacking has become so common in today’s world that almost every person who uses internet is a target of hackers. â€Å"Hacking is the process in which a system is tested before it goes into the market for direct use by the customers† (Douglas). Any individual, whether using internet for communication purposes or for information sharing, needs to ensure premium level internet security because hac kers not only try to break into such computers which contain highly critical information but also they try to gain control of such computers which although do not contain any important information but can be used to hack other computers. There are many security measures, which an individual can take to reduce the chances of internet attacks. â€Å"Internet security fundamentals are designed to protect individual Internet users from security risks which accompany use of the Internet† (Smith). Some of the easiest and most effective security measures include regularly changing the login passwords, setting difficult passwords, downloading a personal firewall, setting encryption standards, and installing up to date antivirus software. One can never deny the significance of internet security in today’s world. Internet privacy is one of the biggest concerns for any individual doing any kind of work on the internet. The issue of internet security or privacy is not just limited to big organizations and companies; rather it has become a need for any individual having online presence. â€Å"It is a common misconception that Internet security plays a large role only in organizations, or when people have sensitive information on their computers† (Sundaram). For online businesses, maintaining internet security is of extreme importance. Some of the key steps which every company should take while going online include registering an anonymous domain name, taking steps to protect online communications, making use of e-currency payment solutions, and ensuring local security along with online security. Implementing internet security measures is very important for any individual for many reasons. Some of the most significant reasons include keeping privacy of important information, not letting strangers to view personal information, being online with no fear, protecting personal and business emails, and doing business activities with optimum security. A very i mportant question related to internet security is that what can happen if a person does not care about internet security or why a person needs to implement effective internet security measures. The answer to the question is that if a person does not take steps to ensure internet security, he/she is likely to face many problems, such as, loss of important data, misuse of data, misuse of computer identity, receiving fake emails, receiving hazardous links, and loss of important files. Therefore, maintaining optimum

Essentials of Business Law Essay Example for Free

Essentials of Business Law Essay There are many types of contracts made between people, however there are several guidelines to follow for the contract to be valid. A contract is defined as an official agreement which can be written or an oral agreement. A contract is a promise that is made between two or more people and can be formal or informal. There are six elements that make the contract valid, if these elements aren’t present in the contract then it is not considered to be valid. The first element of importance would be that the two parties must have an offer. An offer is the actual promise or agreement that needs to be decided upon because this is what makes the whole contract exist. In order to make a valid offer, there should be at least two people or more so that they can create a legal contract. Then the offer must be accepted by the other party/parties to be a legal valid contract. Both parties must fully be aware of what is being offered as well as what the other party must do in return. Once the offer is made in a contract, the other party must accept the offer. The contract cannot be official without the other party accepting the offer. The other party can accept the offer that is being made by writing or verbally. The next important element in the contract is consideration. Consideration is when the other party gives something back in response to the offer being made. Consideration is anything of value that is given in exchange for goods or services, and is used to induce the other party to enter into a contractual agreement. This makes the contract similar to an exchange between the two parties. In order for a contract to be legally valid, there must be a consideration. Although the Contracts Act 1950 does not state anything on the necessity of the intention to create legal relations, it is considered very important to have this element when making a valid legal contract. This element is an agreement that is not a contract unless it is in the common intention of the parties that it should be legally enforced. Such as an agreement made between two people about belongings that should be inherited after a person’s death. Certainty is another important element in the contract, the guidelines and rules that are made in a contract must be clearly stated and understood by both parties involved in the contract. The agreement must be certain or the contract will no longer be valid. Capacity in the contract is described as the parties in the contract having the legal capacity to carry out the contract. The parties must be at least of the age of 18 or older. Minors or people below the age of eighteen do not have the capacity to enter into a valid contract legally. All types of contracts are different, for example some are long and contain a lot of legal termination while others are written in simple English and are only a page long. Contracts are also used for many different reasons such as for large corporate businesses to personal matters. The many different type of contracts are created for many different purposes such as fix-price contracts, labor contracts, and time- material contracts to name a few. These contracts are created different but they are still required to meet all the expectations of a legal valid contract. References Rogers, S. (2012). Essentials of Business Law. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

The Saint Juan Diego History Essay

The Saint Juan Diego History Essay Juan Diego was born in 1474 A.D. in Cuauhtitlan. Not much is known about Juan Diegos early life up until he was baptized. When Juan Diego was fifty he was baptized by a Franciscan missionary named Fr. Peter da Gand (The Holy See). He was baptized along with his wife Maria Lucia, and his uncle Juan Bernardino. Juan Diego grew up under the subjection of the Aztecs who practiced human sacrifice. These people were sacrificed by cutting out the hearts of the victims. The victims were usually adult men, but also children. The Aztecs had control over 371 towns and the law requested 1,000 human sacrifices for each town, so over 50,000 human beings were sacrificed each year. When Juan Diego was just 13 years old, he witnessed one of the most appalling events in Aztec history. The 89-year-old ruler of the Aztecs dedicated a new temple to the gods of hell and darkness, Huitzilopochtli and Tezcatlipoca. Over 80,000 people were sacrificed in just four days and four nights. After this event human sacrifices were declared illegal in 1520 by Hernando Cortes. That is when the sacrament of the Eucharist was introduced (Saunders). Juan Diego passed Tepeyac Hill one morning and he heard music and saw a luminous cloud circled by a rainbow. A ladys voice called him up to the top of the hill. This is where he saw a beautiful young woman dressed like a princess of the Aztecs. She said she was the Virgin Mary and asked Juan Diego to ask the bishop to build a church on the site. She said, I vividly desire that a church be built on this site, so that in it I can be present and give my love, compassion, help, and defense, for I am your most devoted mother . . . to hear your laments and to remedy all your miseries, pains, and sufferings (Catholic Online). The bishop was kind but unsure. He asked Juan Diego to offer proof of the womans identity. Before Juan could return to the lady, he found out his uncle was dying. Hurrying to get a priest to cure his uncle, Juan Diego missed his meeting with the lady. The lady met him on his journey and told him his uncle was cured. She told Juan to climb to the top of the hill where t hey were first acquainted. Juan was surprised to find flowers growing in the frozen ground. He gathered them in his cloak and took them immediately to the bishop. Juan told the bishop what had happened and opened his cloak. The flowers that fell to the ground out of Juan Diegos robe were called Castilian roses (which did not grow in Mexico). But the bishops eyes were set on the image of the Lady imprinted inside Juan Diegos robe. Soon thereafter, a church was built on the site where our Lady appeared, and thousands converted to Christianity. Our Lady of Guadalupe was declared the patroness of the Americas (Catholic Online). Juan Diego had converted over to Christianity only six years before the miracle of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Our Lady appeared to him four times and to his uncle once (Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary). After only eight years, over 9,000,000 Mexicans converted over to Christianity (Brother Ernest). Juan Diego lived out the rest of his life as a hermit near the shrine where his tilma had been put on display for admiration. There he cared for the church and those who came to pray there (The Holy See). Juan Diego died at the age of 74 on May 30, 1548 (Catholic Online). Juan Diegos feast day is December 9th, and Our Lady of Guadalupes feast day is December 12th (Saunders). Juan Diego was beatified on May 6th in 1990 by Pope John Paul II (The Holy See). Juan Diego was canonized on July 31st, 2002 by Pope John Paul II (Catholic Online). Pope Pius X made Our Lady patroness of Latin America in 1910. Copies of Juan Diegos tilma with the image in it have been made and sent all over the world (Brother Ernest) Saint Juan Diego can be attributed with the miracle of Our Lady Of Guadalupe. He was visited by the lady and asked to build a church there. When the priest asked for proof Juan Diego gathered flowers from the frozen ground that were not native there and brought them in his cloak. When Juan Diego arrived and let the flowers fall out of his robe , there was an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Catholic Online). I admire Saint Juan Diegos faithfulness. Juan Diego did not have to ask proof from the Lady, but instead he went straight to the priest and asked him to build a church there. I also admire how Juan Diego missed his meeting with the Lady so that he could help his dying uncle (Catholic Online). I chose Juan Diego because he was canonized by Pope John Paul II and he is my favorite pope. He is my favorite pope because he went through many struggles in his lifetime. When his homeland was under the control of Nazis, he did his studies in secret even though he knew he would get caught (Egan 12.). Pope John Paul IIs father died in February of 1941. His faith and God helped him to never stop (Pope John Paul II). There was an attempt to assassinate Pope John Paul II, and after he was released from the hospital he went to forgive the man who tried to kill him (The Fateful Day). I also chose Saint Juan Diego because I am fascinate d by the miracle of Our Lady of Guadalupe and the image of Our Lady appearing in Juan Diegos tilma in such accuracy and in such great detail (Catholic Online).

Modern Crime :: essays research papers

"She's just another Hollywood whore, an immoral porn queen. She's beyond redemption," he muttered to himself as he paced back and forth outside her apartment building. He had been constantly walking around outside the building for hours now, harassing people passing on the streets with crazed questions. Suddenly, overcome with resolve, the man stomped back to the building and rang the bell. She had rejected him once, but never again. He had given her a chance, but she had turned him away from her life. How could she do this to him, her biggest fan? After letting go of the buzzer, Robert Bardo hid himself in the bushes by the door. This was the only choice he had left after such a rejection. Twenty-one year old Rebecca Schaeffer, actress on the sitcom My Sister Sam, answered the door for the last time in her life. She had politely turned away a disturbing man earlier that day after explaining to him that she had to study her lines for her next show. However, when she answered the door this time, there was no one there. Bardo saw his chance and acted on it. He burst from the shadowy confines of the bushes and pushed a gun into Schaeffer's chest, pulling the trigger after he had her in his grasp. The bullet barely missed the young actress's heart as she fell to the ground, bleeding from a mortal wound. As Bardo flew from the scene, he stashed the incriminating evidence into the bushes. After interrogations performed by the LAPD, it was found that Bardo had been stalking Schaeffer for a very long time. However, this was not the usual case of a voyeur or a stranger trailing someone throughout their day. Bardo had traced Schaeffer through the use of the computer and its vast resources. With the use of computer databases, Bardo was able to find out where Schaeffer lived, what her telephone number was and who she called, what kind of vehicle she drove, and where she spent her money. It was as if Bardo could look through a window and clearly see all of Schaeffer's personal, intimate secrets (Rothfeder 13-14).This is the perfect example of a modern crime, in which all of an individual's privacy and personal information have become little more than a commodity, easily accessible to anyone with very little hassle. In the highly modernized society in which everyone lives, people compromise their privacy in order to live comfortably.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan are said to be in love, but in reality, this seems to be a misconception. In this novel, Fitzgerald portrays the themes of love, lust, and obsession through the characters of Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan, who confuse lust and obsession with love. By the end of the novel however, Jay Gatsby is denied his â€Å"love† and sacrifices his life for a woman who never gives him a second thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jay Gatsby was a wealthy businessman who gained his money through the illegal practice of bootlegging. Gatsby’s love interest, Daisy Buchanan, was a materialistic woman who was married to the domineering Tom Buchanan. She seemed to care for nothing more than money. Gatsby was in love with Daisy, and went to all lengths to win her over. Gatsby’s only motivation for obtaining all of the money that he did was to become appealing to Daisy. Since Daisy was married, the idea of love between Gatsby and Daisy was forbidden. This very concept made the relationship all the more desirable. Gatsby becomes obsessed with his relationship with Daisy to the point that he was delusional. His only objective was to win Daisy back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Tom learns of Gatsby and Daisy’s secret affair, he is outraged. Tom thought that to love someone, you had to have complete dominance over them. When he realized that he had lost control of Daisy, he panicked but because he senses that Daisy does not love him anymore and, therefore, he cannot control her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lust can completely overpower a person until they become controlled by it. By the end of this book, Gatsby becomes obsessed with his lust for Daisy. He wanted so much to have her, this she consumed every aspect of his life. He thought that he could turn back the hands of time and make Daisy love him again, but this proved to be simply impossible. Daisy was not willing to risk her social status for love, proving the of money and power was more important to her than love.

The Euro Essay -- Currency Currencies Finance Economy Essays

The Euro The new international currency of the European Economic union, euro became the national currency on January 1 2002. In this union where only euro is valid as currency includes Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain and their national currencies will cease to exist. Before the euro formation, there existed the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system. Both were aimed at the internal and external stability. These policies collapsed when the two goals diverged. Since the euro eliminates the exchange rate problem and focuses more on the internal stability by unifying currency, the policy target dichotomy can be resolved. Even though nothing like euro has been established before, it was formed to benefit the European economy by controlling the budget deficit, by having a more stable government, and by creating an even closer union among the people of Europe thus there are many benefits that will allow euro to exist in the long run. The formation of euro has increased the importance of internal stability such as price stability and employment. The Europe’s move to euro must stand on a foundation of stable government policies. The stability will cause lower prices, lower interest and create more jobs and investment. The internal stability should be build from the inside and not pressured from the outside by fixed exchange rates, †Monetary stability had to be built at home† quoted by Heinz-Peter SpaHn. By uniting Europe the â€Å"home† area has expanded. The articles in the Treaty on European Union clarifies that the budget deficit cannot exceed 3% of countries gross domestic product by establishing very clear surveillance procedures. The deficit ... ...sizes and colors and posses identical designs in all 12 countries. This makes it easier for a foreigner to recognize the bank note. The formation of euro can have two outcomes. It is either the great experiment like the critics says or it will succeed in the future and stabilize the economy by focusing on the internal balance. By increasing trade and reducing trade restrictions Europe will be more integrated. The increase in competition will benefit the growth of the economy. For economy to expand there have to be new innovations. To have new innovations, there have to be experiments in the economy. The introduction of euro is completely new in our economy and it is a great experiment that will succeed and promote the overall economic growth. This is not a short run move. Euro needs time to develop so that the beneficial results should be seen in the long run.

How to Write a Thesis Statement (2018)

How To Write A Stronger Thesis Statement – Essential Tips Writing a strong thesis is one of the most important things that you can do in regards to essay writing in college. If you’re going to become one of the top student OR anything else that you do in life, knowing how to structure a correct thesis statement is going to help you. So, how to you go about Writing a Thesis Statement Let’s explore this together: A thesis statement is an interesting thing to consider as it is part of the main idea of your essay If your goal is to be a better writer, than the following tips are just for you. This is a solid option that is going to give you a great option to move forward with, especially if your goal is to master the art of essay writing.Thesis Statement DefinedThe first thing that you need to consider is simple, you need to consider what this truly is. A thesis statement is an interesting thing to consider as it is part of the main idea of your essay. This should appear in your essay as a way to inform readers what you’re going to be discussing and explaining. It can be a single sentence statement, or it could be a couple of sentences. Your thesis topic needs to explain to the reader what you’re going to be proposing with your writing.Dividing The Thesis StatementsThe next thing that you need to know is that you are going to have to deal with two major statements. These are thesis options that will make or break your essay. This is an option that is going to help you gain the upper hand when writing. The first option is an informative thesis, which gives the reader a better idea of what you’re going to be writing about. The best way to do this is to write a cause and effect sentence. An example of this could be similar to this: To ride a skateboard, you first need to get a board, and then kick and push in one direction. This is not the only type of thesis that you are going to want to consider. There’s several other options that you need to know about. The second solution is known as a persuasive thesis. This is something that will help you create a reason why you’re trying to write your essay and why the premise is stated as you want it to be said. For instance, use a sentence similar to this: Skateboarding is the best type of sport, because it lets you be creative, and is easy to learn. As you can see, this option lets you create an opinion that you will then talk about in your essay. This is different than the informational solution, which lets you have a full narrative based on one statement. This is something that you will need to consider overall, as it is an important example as to how to divide thesis elements. This is an important thing to learn if you’re going to create a strong thesis overall. You may also review how to structure a PhD thesis.Style and Substance of Your ThesisIf you’re going to create a good thesis, you’re going to need to either go with one point or several points. This is something that can be a matter of your own assignment. For instance, if your teacher is going to ask you to write an essay that is about one topic, and there’s one point that you need to make in a small essay, then you don’t need to have a list of topics. Instead, you’ll need to work with one overarching point into the paragraphs that you’re going to be creating. You’ll find that the length of your essay is going to mean a lot. An essay that is shorter than 5 pages, will ensure that you will not have to write about several different points. You’ll find that one topic will be easy to work with if you’re going to write five pages or under. Now, if you’re going to write a larger paper, you’re going to need to put in a lot of effort to create a serious push into your points. Your thesis will need a list of statements and topics because you’ll be writing an extensive amount of information about the topic.What To Look For In A Solid ThesisYour thesis statement has to have 3 major components. These are going to help you gain the upper hand moving forward. The length for instance, will be the first thing that you need to consider. Your sentence shouldn’t be too long. Anything longer than 30 words is too long, and anything less is ok, but you have to ensure you have a complete position. The position of your thesis also matters. This is something that you will need to write that has an opinion on the matter. You need to write as though you believe the statement on a small scale, to then discuss it on a larger scale. The last thing that you need to have is a moment of strength, meaning that your statement has to be fully realized and closed overall. What does a strong thesis look likeWell, here’s an example of what you can do. Skateboarding is a great sport because it’s fun to learn. In that sentence, you have an argument that answers itself in one sentence. Now, if you were to write an essay around that sentence, you could easily bring about several elements to discuss the question of â€Å"why†, which is why essays are written in academia and in professional settings. You may also like to review how to avoid plagiarism in an essay or dissertationComposing Thesis StatementsOverall, when you’re thinking about writing an essay, make sure that you look into creating a simple way of describing arguments overall. What are you trying to explain with your essaySeriously, what is it that you want to conveyIf you consider this, you’ll be able to write a sentence that explains things with relative ease. This is a great option to consider. Direct your research towards the sentence of your thesis, and you will see a positive push forward, no doubt. If you are worried that you need to survive the uni, head over to our site and let our expert writers help you write a top class essay, on time and to the highest possible quality.

Research Topics in Optometry

Postgraduate research topics Department of Optometry and Vision Science Postgraduate research topics The following is a list of research topics offered at the doctorate (PhD), masters and honours level.  » Honours  » Masters  » PhD Honours Research Topics| Affiliation – Faculty and Dept| Supervisor/s details| Comparison of animal models of age related nuclear cataract| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Mapping antioxidant transporter expression in the front of the eye| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Julie Lim j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Electron microscopy of protein trafficking in the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Angus Grey ac. [email  protected] ac. nz| Modelling of lens function  | Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Ehsan Vaghefi e. [email  protected] ac. nz| Exploring neural plasticity in the human visual cortex| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Ben Thompson b. [email  protected] ac. nz| Development of aids for colour deficient optometrists| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Botox: as a tool for eye therapy? | Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Monica Acosta:m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Top Masters Research Topics| Affiliation – Faculty and Dept| Supervisor/s details| Developing functiuonal assays to study membrane protein function in the core of the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Chromatic and achromatic vision in reef fish| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Colour preference in the honeybee| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Clinical tests for colour vision defects| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. z| Defocus and visual function| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Visual characteristics of NZ population groups| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Assessment of refractive error in low vision| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Clinical research topics in optometry| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| How does a cell die? Analysis of photoreceptor cells| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Monica Acosta:m. [email  protected] ac. nz| Top PhD Research Topics| Affiliation – Faculty and Dept| Supervisor/s details| Functional characterization of glucose transporters in the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Visualization of cell signaling pathways in the ocular lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Functional characterization of the cystine/glutamate exchanger in the lens: a potential therapy to delay age related nuclear cataract? | Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Julie Lim j. [email  protected] c. nz| Functional mapping of purinergic signalling pathways in the lens|   Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Studying membrane protein function in the core of the lens| Optometry and Vision Science| Professor Paul Donaldson p. [email  protected] ac. nz| Antioxidant strategies to prevent age related nuclear cataract| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr Julie Lim j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Investigation of physiological mechanisms that regulate normal eye growth| Optometry & Vision Science| Dr John Phillips j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Investigation of methods for Inhibition of myopia progression in children. | Optometry & Vision Science| Dr John Phillips j. [email  protected] ac. nz| Harnessing neural plasticity for visual rehabilitation| Optometry & Vision Science| Dr. Ben Thompson b. [email  protected] ac. nz| Measuring the human visual cortex response to visual loss with fMRI| Optometry and Vision Science| Dr. Ben Thompson b. [email  protected] ac. nz| The relationship between native New Zealand flowers and vision of native pollinators  |   |   | Colour deficeincy and colour judgement|   | Dr Misha Vorobyev m. [email  protected] ac. z| Visual characteristics of NZ population groups| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Defocus and visual function| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Clinical tests for colour vision defects. | FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [ema il  protected] ac. nz| Assessment of refractive error in low vision| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Research topics in clinical optometry| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Assoc Prof Rob Jacobs r. [email  protected] ac. nz| Vesicular transport in eye disesases| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Monica Acostam. [email  protected] ac. nz| Neurochemistry of an animal model of retinal degeneration| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Monica Acostam. [email  protected] ac. nz | Modelling oxygen / CO2 circulation of the retinal cells| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Ehsan Vaghefi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. [email  protected] ac. nz| Modelling the electrical stimulation of the retina, using hexagonal electrodes| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Dr. Ehsan Vaghefi e. [email  protected] ac. nz| Creating a full 3D anatomically correct model of the ocular lens| FoS (Optometry and Vision Science)| Professor Paul Donaldsonp. [email  protected] ac. nzDr. Ehsan Vaghefie. [email  protected] ac. nz| Top * FOR * ABOUT * Our department * Our research * Research groups * Publications * Postgraduate research topics * Our courses * Our staff * Careers and opportunities * News and events Apply now! 2012 Handbook Postgraduate Research University of Auckland Clinics SharePrintEmail Copyright  © The University of Auckland A to Z Directory  |  Site map  |  Accessibility  |  Copyright  |  Privacy  |  Disclaimer  |  Feedback on this page | |

Cadbury Report Essay

Introduction Initial corporate governance developments in the UK began in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the wake of corporate scandals. Cadbury Report (1992) defines ‘Corporate Governance as An Act of governing by the board of Directors†. Financial reporting irregularities led to the establishment of the ‘Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance Committee’ led by Sir Adrian Cadbury. The resulting Cadbury Report published in 1992 outlined a number of recommendations around the separation of the role of an organisation’s chief executive and chairman, balanced composition of the board, selection processes for non-executive directors, transparency of financial reporting and the need for good internal controls. The Cadbury Report included what is termed as â€Å"The Code of Best Practice† and its recommendations were incorporated into the Listing Rules of the London Stock Exchange. The Code was initially directed to the board of directors of all listed companies registered in the UK, but it is was not limited to only the listed companies as it also encouraged many other companies as possible to aim at meeting their requirements. Bringing greater clarity to the respective responsibilities of directors, shareholders and auditors will also strengthen trust in the corporate system. Companies whose standards of corporate governance are high are the more likely to gain the confidence of investors and support for the development of their businesses. According to Cadbury Report (1992) By Law, all directors are responsible for the stewardship of the company’s assets. Conclusion and Recommendations The Cadbury Report was followed by three more major reports: Greenbury (1995), Hampel (1998) and Turnbull (1999). The Greenbury Report responded to the concerns about the level of executive pay rises, especially in the privatised utilities. The Hampel Report reviewed the progress of companies in responding to the Cadbury and Greenbury Reports and made some suggestions for improvement. The Turnbull Report addressed the important issue of how to implement best practice systems of internal control. The Report had set a deadline of 30 June 1993 for the beginning of reporting compliance with the Code. By this time 54 out of 66 reporting FTSE100 companies had complied  with the reporting requirement. The percentage of companies with combined CEO and Chairman of the board had declined from 25% to 15%. Within a year the percentage of FTSE350 companies with remuneration and audit committees had doubled and the percentage with nomination committees was rising. The result of all this activiti es is that UK corporate governance ranks as the most open and transparent system of any in the leading industrialised countries. The UK is now ranked ahead of the US in terms of the quality of the environment facing investors on the basis of the governance practices of the firms they are most likely to invest in. Compliance with the Code of best Practise was not enforced and it was not mandatory many firms subjected. Many firms conformed because they did not want to fall victim to the destructive consequences resulting from the disregard of corporate governance. References Cadbury, A. (2002). Corporate Governance and Chairmanship: A Personal View. New York, Oxford University Press Cadbury, A. (1990) .The Company Director, London: Director Books. Cadbury, A. (2000).‘The Corporate Governance Agenda’, Corporate Governance, Vol.8 (1), pp.7-15.

How The Meaning Of Democracy And Globalization Differs In Deferent Essay

Globalization is making international trade more easy and accessible. Business operations cut across transnational borders in contemporary times, more than before. Furthermore, there are increasing numbers of players in the international trade and deal transactions than ever before. The neo-liberalists views in international trade has always supported a globalize and open market order in which every countries is expected to open up its market and imbibe the culture of free trade, free economy entry and exit of labor and the opening of the state economy to the international market for active competition. The adoption of open markets have resulted in the political responses in terms of change in the political structure, that is hitherto exhibited and the way government intervene in her country’s economy. This change has resulted in the adoption of the neo-liberal stand. Even, the communist states are now gradually opening up to the trade zone to international transactions. â€Å"Globalization can be briefly defined as, the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders† (Holm & Sorensen, 1995:4). According to Yeung (2002), from an economic perspective the term globalization is defined as â€Å"the rapid proliferation of cross-border production, trade, and investment activities spearheaded by global corporations and international financial institutions that facilitate the emergence of an increasingly integrated and interdependent global economy†. Thus, globalization is a transformation of the world order to become accustomed to the changes of time and the pattern of the world order. Democracy is seen as a system of government where the government is accountable to the people, and sovereignty of the state lies with the people. Cultural differences in terms of the practices and way of living of people makes them adapt to different conceptualization and practice of philosophy associated with democracy and globalization. DIVERSITY IN CONCEPTUALIZING DEMOCRACY AND GLOBALIZATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Williams (1983) try to capture in his book the differences between in articulated experience and the general conclusion reached in regards to democracy and globalization. This according to him has lead to the covert disappointments in the failure to formulate that tension abstractly. People’s experience in actual life sometime differs from the principles underlying democratic practices and the gains and pains attributed to globalization in the 21st century. Williams work preoccupies with the connections between human ideology and societal culture. The cultural difference between countries and political and economic settings tend to present different realities pertaining to democracy and globalization. For instance, in underdeveloped African countries democracy in the real sense which has to do with government by the people and where full public accountability is emphasized is a far cry from the realities. African leaders are corrupt and tend to infringe on people’s human rights. There is poor public accountability, amidst high level of corruption. The interpretation giving to democracy in the advanced western world respects the rights of the people and public accountability is emphasized. Sovereignty should lie with the people according to democratic principle, but in African countries that practice democratic rule, the leaders see themselves as custodian of sovereignty, as it is observed in a monarchical rule. The African culture embraces a fatalistic perspective to life, while the western culture tends to strive for change. This fatalistic lifestyle as made globalization not too beneficial to underdeveloped African countries, as they rely on primary goods production, which are grossly under priced in the international trade level. Williams thus, recognized the importance of taking individual and social circumstances into consideration as this bring about the differences in interpretation to vital issues of life, like democracy, human arts, industry, class and culture. The role of developing countries in globalizing the world is one in which they play significant role. Most raw materials utilized in both advanced economy and in processing into finish, products are sourced from developing countries from Africa, Asian, and Latin America. At the aftermath of the Uruguay Round Agreements (URA) the role of developing countries in global economy has increased significantly. Furthermore, the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is harnessing trade negotiations within developing countries. According to Michalopoulos (1999), â€Å"The integration of the developing countries into the multilateral trading system has been especially impressive for a group of perhaps 15-20 middle and higher income developing countries in Latin America and Asia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The increasing significant of developing countries in speeding up the global development ascribes on them certain responsibilities that is expected for them to play. This comes in way of putting in place a smooth export trade zone for its raw materials and free movement of labor in and out their national boundaries. Some developing countries in assuming this responsibility has formed export agency among them to enable the smooth export trade in raw materials. â€Å"†¦exports have risen b y more than 10 per annum in volume since 1970†¦ the developed countries combined gross domestic product (GDP); at the beginning of the 1990s†¦accounted for 1. 8 per cent of GDP, whereas the figure in 1999 was 3. 2 per cent† (Akyuz, et al 2001). Developing countries has developed policies in their exports, which is characterized by imposition of control and taxes on export of primary products and foodstuffs, and also they tend to provide incentives and subsidies to their exports manufacturers (Michalopoulos 1999). Thus, the need to create a trade free zone and easy passage of primary products to international zone where they would be converted into finished product is one responsibility developing countries need to carry out. Furthermore, the developing countries play the significant role in the supply of labor, in the production process, given their large population. Developing countries have large labor markets, thus the supply of this to the global labor market goes a long way in contributing to global development. Thus improving of labor skills in developing countries is a way the usefulness of labor in this part of the world would contribute significantly in area of global development. In this view, Akyuz, et al (2001), has it that â€Å"improvement in labor market conditions will also require a reorientation of development policies at the national and global levels, particularly with respect to the speed and pattern of integration of developing countries into the global economy†. The role third world countries play in globalization is directly connected to how their cultural background and interpretation to the phenomenon is connected to their occupation and way of life. For instance, countries in Africa, it has 70 percent of its workforce in peasant farming. Thus, the continent economy is agrarian and thus, its involvement in globalization is in the production of primary product. On the other hand, advance western countries like U. S. and EU states, including advance Asian countries like Japan, China, produce finish products like automobiles, electronics etc. While the western world would conceive globalization as an expanded place for trading, with the less barrier to trade, the underdeveloped countries something conceive this as a continue exploitation of the westerners and the dependency on their products. CONCLUSION Democracy has in contemporary times being widely acknowledged globally in the political realm and in work place. Workers participation are urging for more participation as a way to embrace democracy. In addition, this globalization phenomenon has made organized capitalism to transit from corporate capitalism to monopoly capitalism not it is in its customer capitalism. However, democracy is different interpreted by countries in line with their cultural setting. While the advance political states seeks for more respect for human rights and public accountability, the underdeveloped state in their nascent democracy are trying to fight huge level of corruption and leadership oppression as it is being notice in Zimbabwe where Mugabe is hindering any move of oppositions. In addition, the conceptualization of globalization by different countries depends on the receiving end they find themselves in the international trade. While those countries primarily engaged in the production of primary products such as raw materials cry for unfavorable term of trade, the advanced economic countries see globalization as a pattern for encouraging free trade and maximizing economic wealth. REFERENCES Akyuz, Yilmaz, et al (2001), â€Å"Globalization, Inequality and the Labour Market† http://www. flassbeck. de/pdf/GLOBALIZ. PDF. (02/12/07)Michalopoulos, Constantine (1999), â€Å"Trade Policy market Access Issues for Developing Countries: Implications for the Millennium Round† http://wbln0018. worldbank. org/research/workpapers. nsf/bd04ac9da150d30385256815005076ce/a70066326b8be18c85256818005b9fb6/$FILE/wps2214. pdf. (2/12/07) Williams, Raymond (1983) Culture And Society: 1780-1950, Columbia University Press. Yeung, Henry W. (2002), â€Å"The Limits to Globalization Theory: A Geographic Perspective on Global Economic Change† Economic Geography, Volume 78, Number 3, July http://www. europe. canterbury. ac. nz/courses/euro223/yeong. pdf. (02/12/07)

Economics of Volatile Corn Prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics of Volatile Corn Prices - Essay Example The primary reason behind rise in the prices of corn was due to its global demand against its restricted supply. The excess demand could not be met with the restricted supply, which resulted in the rise in prices of corn all over the world. Mexico is the second largest importer of corn in the world. The rise in the corn prices all over the world has affected Mexico to a great extent. Decline in demand of corn due to rise in its price can be depicted by using the following graph:- (Source: Fep, 2004) In this graph it is shown that when the price of corn in Mexico was $3 per bushel, its demand was 2 billion bushels per year and the supply was 1.1 billion bushels per year. Thus there was an excess in demand which could not be met by the supply. As a result of the price rise to $5 per bushel, the demand decreased to 1.1 billion bushels per year and consequently excess supply is generated. The market should move towards equilibrium at a price of $4 per bushel where the demand equalises th e supply. Another reason for the rise in corn prices in Mexico was the production of corn based ethanol in the United States and the European Union. The producers of corn had to suffer due to this price rise. Another reason for the high corn prices was the draught in the United States. ... Thus the country has to find ways to deal with the uncertainties of the volatile markets. The country needs to focus on the market conditions properly. The main problem that the consumers in Mexico will face is when they will visit the grocery stores. Corn and food ingredients made from corn are used in ? of the total grocery products. Thus higher prices will be found throughout the grocery stores. The livestock feed rations contain a considerable amount of corns, a extended impact would be observed on poultry and meat prices due to higher feed costs than in any other food products. Volatility in corn prices brings in unpredictability in the market and may create risk of fundamental food security for consumers as well as governments. Financial risk generated due to the volatility of corn prices dampens investment in agricultural sector which in turn creates uncertainty among traders and producers. Thus the Mexican government must take steps to bring an alternate solution to the exist ing problem. There are several programs involving the cash transfer conducted by the Mexican Government in order to help the poor people there. The procedure of agriculture by means of contracts was another procedure advised by the Mexican Government (The World Bank Group, 2013). When there is an agreement made to buy a particular quantity of corn within a fixed period of time, neither the buyer nor the seller is sure that who is going to be benefitted by the agreement. This procedure supports the producers when there is a fall in the price. The price difference is subsidized between the time of signing the contract and the time of its fulfilment. However, corn prices have plunged from their previous position in June 2011. Ethanol is considered to be a viable source of

Societies under Shogun RuleThe Ming & Qing Essay

Societies under Shogun RuleThe Ming & Qing - Essay Example This period, which started in 1368 until 1644, is marked by the decline of the decadent feudal system and the emergence of the embryonic capitalism in China. However, Japan’s shogun period was part of the early feudal system that would dominate Japan for more than 700 years. (Morgan 2003, 42) As both Ming/Qing and the Shogun societies were established as feudal societies above all, therefore, they share many characteristics. For instance, both had governments and rulers who enforced control over a highly fragmented society. The shogunate in Japan imposed guidelines for the creation and preservation of a stable national structure. This was achieved by implementing a highly hierarchical society, wherein the primary morality is based upon public rapport between master and subordinate. (Ratti & Westbrook 1991, 62) Such perspective determined the shape and functionality of the major social organizations of the shogunate societies. To illustrate: one of the rules/norms in the Japanese society then was that there was no more despicable crime than that of rebellion against a master. Because of this hierarchical social structure, the shogun was able to elevate the social structure which sealed the subjects of the nation into classes according to a vertical order of pragmatic impo rtance drawing heavily upon the military character and strength of the warriors to whom all other subjects were subordinated. The social pyramid follows this structure with the shogun and his class at the top. From 1615 onward, laws specifically determining the legal positions of and functions of the imperial court and its aristocratic families (Kuge sho-hatto), of the military class (Buke Sho-hatto), of religious orders (Jin-hatto), of the farmers (Goson-hatto), of commoners in Edo and, by analogy, in every town (Edo-machiju-sadame) were issued by the military government of the Tokugawa shoguns.

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example berg (Saadi, 2010), cooperation with Threadless Company gave Dell possibility to be closer to its customers as such art fitted consumers of Dell products. The co called crowdsourcing is also known business model which such companies as Mars and Ben & Jerry used within their strategies. Thus, Mars has launched the global contest in order to choose the new color of M&Ms. Ben & Jerry lineup added Primary Berry Graham. If to consider firm performance regarding customer satisfaction, Ngobo (n.d.) considers that in service sectors, firm-specific effects are more important than the industry effects as it is more difficult to imitate in the customized service industries. Within the strategic management, firm effects capture variation in strategies and performance outcomes throughout industries and firms (Mauri & Michaels, 1998). The three levels of strategy, the corporate, business and functional should be paid equal attention by an organization as it enables the firm to determine its long-term direction within the external environment, meet the stakeholders’ expectations and take care of its operations (Barnes, 2007). The firm should understand where it is in business, what it should acquire or divest, how to compete in this business and with what mission, determine its strategic objectives and resources managed in the function. Despite the different length, content, format and specificity if a mission statement, it should be informative and clear, inspire employees and all organizational stakeholders. Academicians consider (David, et al., 2014) that effective mission statement includes components directed toward customers, products or services, markets, technology, environmental concerns, philosophy, concern about society, employees and self- concept. Within the modern business world, it is important for an organization to understand the external environment in order to align it with the strategies which lead to a firm’s ability to remain sustainable in the

Financial Accounting Week 4- Individual Work Assignment

Financial Accounting Week 4- Individual Work - Assignment Example If the solvency ratios reveal a higher turn, then the business is worth to be given loan because it is in a position to meet its obligations. On the other hand, the liquidity ratios show that the business can easily convert its assets to meet its obligations. The following ratios will be used to test the business credibility for the loan. The working capital ratio is increasing as the years increases; it is more in 2015 than in 22014. This shows that the business is doing quite well hence can manage its financial obligations. It can therefore viable to be given loans. This indicates presence of working capital and the business is in a position to meet its financial obligations as the ratio increases with the change in the years. The banker on considering the current ratio will be able to approve the loan for the business this is because the banker will have confidence that the business will be able to repay their loans without default given their wide financial stability, strength and base. This ratio gives the short term liquidity of a business. It is vital in the measuring of the business short-term debts in relation to its liquid assets. The higher the ratio the better the position of the business.it is calculated as: Since there are no inventories, the quick ratio is similar to the current ratio. From all the above ratios, it is a clear indication that the business is in a position to meet its financial obligations, therefore the banker will be find it viable to advance the loan to the business. From the ratios calculated it is noted that the company has good performance as it is in a position to meet all its financial obligations both in the short-term and in the long-term. The leverage and solvency ratios are large showing that the company is very stable and has very good financial base. The company also enjoys very good returns as shown by

The Future of Public Relation Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future of Public Relation Jobs - Essay Example y their stories directly to the audience. Let’s talk PR by Kera Cottingham This article that illustrates the future of public relation jobs argues that the personality, charming nature, and the integration of ones talent, uniqueness, being eloquent as well as endurance to various factors play a big role for the success of public relations ( Kera,2012).All these qualities need to be blended for the success of public relation. The greatest challenge is the blending of these virtues which is leading to the diminishing of public relation jobs, it goes beyond one imagination and one has to be very innovative in order to succeed in this field. Publicity mostly in this industry plays a vital role for ones success. For example, Oprah Winfrey one of the most sought after public relation figures laid down a number of lessons that many people followed leading to their success in their careers. Some of the lessons included the issue of being transparent as well as the aspect of telling th e truth about oneself. Another aspect is the issue of being fully knowledgeable towards the issues you are addressing besides being innovative. Innovativeness tops this list because it is one element that people embrace making it possible to analyze the situations in place. The Future of Public Relations in Higher Education by Georgy Cohen According to this article, the future of public relations jobs is advancing in line with the technological advancements. In addition, the emergence of online blogs as this article illustrates allows some of the public relations departments and firms to extract information regarding the public opinion on some issues which they might have not gained access to or had no prior information about (Georgy, 2011). The development of software for example Bacons media map, allows the public relation professionals and firms to gather immediate, first hand information for their editorial and reporters globally. In terms of the financial changes implementation in the field of public relations, most firms are campaigning for public relation professions to be licensed, an issue that was supported by a famous practitioner Edward Bernays. One of the key aspects covered by this article is on billing issue, whereby individuals felt that the professional billing should be put in place to replace the traditional billing per hour. For instance, quite a number of the UK public relation companies are implementing a more effective the system provided a client has a price upfront on a one time payment schedule. For example, a client may be billed for $ 1,500 for a two-hour period of consultation,$300 for a press briefings or $750 for a press conference. Strategic leadership in public relations: An integrated conceptual framework by Juan Meng This article depicts that the necessity aspect of many corporations toward the essence of Public relation in the business fraternity has evolved a new approach towards the use of the public relation to campaign f or various issues for instance healthcare, aids among other issues. This article argues that the public relati

Graduation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graduation Speech - Essay Example Short or long, bad or good, I will live to recall AlYamamah University. In this farewell, I must acknowledge the university staff including instructors, dean, registrar, and the entire faculty that sacrificed their time, effort and resources to ensure that we successfully complete the journey and attain the excitement I’m currently experiencing. The entire university faculty always kept us informed about present-day and emerging issues. Instructors optionally went out of their way to organize learning materials that equipped us with the relevant skills and knowledge required in the currently competitive job market. They always ensured that our learning is not compromised by the difficult learning environment often affecting students’ understanding. The instructors acted as parents providing advice when necessary and ensure that we are on the right track. Surely, you did a lot to ensure that we had an enjoyable stay; I acknowledge you for your kind gestures! Moreover, it takes teamwork to survive in life. While my experience is limited, I strongly believe that we overcame the many problems that often threatened our lives because there was someone who was ready to help us. I received awesome support from my parents, family members, friends and university staff depending on the severity and nature of the problem. My parents were always responsive to my social and economic needs, not mentioning the dollars they had to part with to ensure my dream is transformed into a reality. Friends became available during study sessions, pizza parties, and whenever called upon. I thank you all. Regardless of personal choices, I must admit that AlYamamah University and Riyadh City was a perfect place to develop our bodies and minds during the important learning phase. Apart from the few shortcomings of the university, which I honestly believe were often a little exaggerated, Riyadh City has been accommodative to our often silly behavior.

Bilingual Education in Turkey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bilingual Education in Turkey - Research Paper Example This report highlights that there are programs of bilingual education undertaken in turkey and the possible ways that can be used to teach English in a more efficient way. Finally, the problems experienced in teaching and acquisition of English language in turkey and especially the minority communities, Kurdish and Armenian and the possible solutions that can be adopted in attempt to solve the problem of acquisition and teaching of English language.As the discussion stresses  the geography of turkey is feasible, the climate is warm hence very conducive for human life and is very rich in natural resources, and thus it attracted people from different areas. There are different languages that the researchers have used over time; this gives the evidence of turkey as a bilingual state. The nationality of turkey has undergone changes over time resulting from the change of its nature and constituency. Turkey has been concentrating on issues concern the building of its nation since the twe ntieth century but currently it has undergone several changes into a state power despite the social problems it undergoes. The citizens of Turkey were disappointed by the hegemonic system of government where their hopes very high, consequently, the government failed.  The military coup that took place in 1960 showed the failure of this system of government which was later followed by several interventions of the military.

Digestive System Essay Example for Free

Digestive System Essay The digestive system is a long tube inside the rat, with the mouth as the opening at the anterior end and the anus as the opening at the posterior end. The process of digestion, the enzymatic breakdown of complex food substances into their simpler components, occurs in the lumen (cavity) of the digestive tube. The small molecules resulting from digestion are then absorbed by the cells lining the gut and transferred to all the other cells of the body via the circulatory system. Within the cells, these molecules may be burned to release energy for cellular activity, built into the structural elements of the cell, or stored for later use. The undigested material passes along the gastrointestinal tract and out of the anus as feces. The mouth is the most anterior part of the digestive system. Within the mouth, the food is ground up by chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains carbohydrate-splitting enzymes and lubricating mucus. Incisors are the four front most long, sharp teeth in the mouth of a rat. The incisors are especially designed for gnawing. If you make an incision on one side of the body from the region of the shoulder to the angle of the jaw, and continue cutting along the lower jaw you will reveal the salivary glands. There are three pairs of salivary glands. The largest lies just behind the ear and extends to the ventrolateral surface of the neck. The other glands are more ventral and extend anteriorly under the lower jaw. The saliva, as previously mentioned, contains enzymes, which begin the digestion of carbohydrates, and mucus, which moistens food and sticks it together to facilitate swallowing. The tongue plays a big role in the swallowing response. The food moves from the mouth into a chamber shared by the respiratory system called the pharynx and on into the esophagus. The esophagus can be seen under the trachea which is a tube recognized by its cartilage rings in the neck region. The other organs of the digestive system are located within the body cavities. All the organs of the body cavity, particularly those of the digestive system, are called the viscera. These organs are supported from the dorsal body wall by mesenteries. The wall of the body cavities and the organs are lined with a thin, moist membrane, the peritoneum. The liver is a large, reddish brown mass that lies immediately posterior to the diaphragm, the muscle dividing the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The liver has a great number of functions. However, its role in digestion is to produce bile, a substance that emulsifies fats breaks them into minute droplets, making them easier to digest. In humans, the bile is stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine. However, the rat lacks a gall bladder. Therefore, the bile is released through a duct directly into the small intestine, where it acts. The stomach is a muscular organ. It is located on the left side of the rat’s upper abdomen. Food enters through the mouth and travels to the stomach from the esophagus. The esophagus pierces the diaphragm and is next to the trachea. It is different from the trachea because it does not have cartridge rings. It looks like a tube and moves food from the mouth to the stomach. At the top, it receives food from the pharynx and at the bottom; it discharges it into the first portion of the stomach. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it goes into the stomach through a valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. To digest food, the stomach secretes acids and enzymes that break the food down. The stomach is lined with layers of muscle tissue called rugae. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to assist digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine. Most of the digestion and the absorption of the products of digestion take place in the small intestine. Glands in the wall of the small intestine secrete enzymes for the breakdown of both proteins and carbohydrates. Secretions of the pancreas enter the small intestine and contain enzymes for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The pancreas is an irregular mass of brownish glandular tissue in the mesentery dorsal to the stomach. It produces a hormone, insulin, which passes directly into the circulatory system and is not involved with digestion. The cecum is a large sac where the small and large intestine meet. This sac is often confused with the large intestine. It is the point at which the small intestine becomes the large intestine. Rats and rabbits, will produce a special feces formed from the cecum product. They will then ingest these feces again, to digest it a second time. This behavior is called coprophagy. Running from the cecum, the colon ascends, crosses the abdominal cavity, and descends again. The colon connects posteriorly with the poorly differentiated rectum of the rat. The rectum connects the colon and the anus. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb most of the water of the digestive secretions, conserving it for use within the body. Cardiovascular system The rat heart is small so that the details of its structure are difficult to observe. The heart is located inside the rib cage of the rat. The heart is a very vital organ to the rat. The Pulmonary circulations carry blood through the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart. The blood enters the heart where it is pumped into the lungs for oxygenation. It is then distributed around the body only to return to the heart once again to start the process over. The rat circulatory system is almost identical to humans. The right side of the heart circulates blood to the lungs. The powerful contraction of the muscles of the left ventricle drives the blood out of the heart through the aorta to the rest of the body. The effectiveness of these contractions is increased by the presence of valves that prevent the backflow of blood. These valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries. The circulatory system performs the essential duties of transporting oxygen and nutrients to metabolizing body tissue and carries off carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste that will eventually leave the body. The rat has a closed circulatory system, which means that the blood remains within a system of vessels through which it is pumped by the heart. A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed is an artery. A vein carries blood in the reverse direction, from the capillaries back to the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the rat’s circulatory system. Its purpose is to carry the oxygenized blood that is being pumped out of the heart. The aorta arises from the left ventricle of the heart, forms an arch, and then goes down to the abdomen. Once in the abdomen, the aorta branches off into two smaller arteries. These arteries carry blood to all the veins and eventually back to the heart. The renal arteries stem off of the abdominal aorta. The purpose of the renal arteries is to supply the kidneys with blood. The heart pumps oxygenized blood into the aorta, which pushed the blood into the renal arteries to be taken to the kidneys. Before reaching the kidneys, the artery divides into 4 or 5 smaller branches. Because of the anatomy of the rat’s body, the right renal artery is usually longer than the left renal artery. The arteries can usually be distinguished from veins because they are stiffer and lighter in color than veins. The vena cava veins returns blood from the body to the right atrium. The Pulmonary vein enters the left atrium with blood from the lungs. ?The Internal and external jugular veins is located in the neck region. These carry blood from the head region back toward the heart. Muscular System There are three different muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. They all have different organizations. Skeletal muscle tissue cells are long, cylindrical, and are striated. Cardiac muscle tissue cells are short and branched. Smooth muscle tissue is not striated, cells are short, and spindle- shaped. The biceps brachii lie on the upper arms between the shoulder and the elbow on both arms of the rat. These muscles are anterior to the shoulder and have two anchors in the shoulder region. The biceps brachii’s main function is to help the rat flex the forearm. These muscles allow the rat to walk as well as use their arms to perform any type of activity. The center of the biceps brachii is thick and wide, while the ends are thinner and narrow. The masseter muscle is the primary muscle involved in chewing. It also acts to clench the teeth and raise the jaw. The sternomastoid is responsible for turning the head to the opposite side; it also helps extend the head. Pectoralis superficialis or Pectoralis profundus adducts the forelimb, and moves the arm toward the midline of the chest. The rectus abdominis helps compress the abdomen. The spinodeltoid abducts the humerus and pulls the humerus forward. The spinodeltoid is the muscle right about the arm. The latissimus dorsi pulls the humerus backwards, and rotates the scapula backward. The large triangular muscle that lies caudal to the shoulder and arm and fans out over the back is the latissimus dorsi. The triceps are the largest muscle, which covers most of the caudal, lateral, and medial surface of the humerus. The triceps arises by three heads: a long head from the caudal, a lateral head from the proximal part of the humerus, and a small medium head (which is very difficult to see) from he proximal two-thirds of the humerus. This muscle is the primary extensor of the forearm. The brachialis arises from the proximal part of the humerus and inserts the ulna. It flexes the forelimb, and flexes the forearm at the elbow. The gluteus medius is the largest of the gluteal muscles in the rat. It is seen in the lateral surface of the ilium and from the sacrum. The bicep femoris expands to form a broad muscle that is inserted along most of the length of the tibia. A group of three trapezius muscles covers the face of the shoulder. Different parts of the complex are inserted on different parts of the shoulder, which is the cranial cleidocervicalis. The middle muscle of the shoulder is the cervical trapezius and the caudal is the thoracic trapezius, which is the upper part of the spine. These muscles help hold the shoulder in place. The deltoid complex is a triangular muscle mass lying ventra to the trapezius group. In rats, but not in humans, it consists of two parts: a spinodeltoid and cleidobrachialis.

New Issues during the Civil Rights Movements Essay Example for Free

New Issues during the Civil Rights Movements Essay â€Å"What new issues emerged for the civil rights movement in the period 1965-1970? How did black leaders respond to those issues in different ways? † During the period 1965-1970, new issues had emerged for the civil rights movement, such as the question of whether Martin Luther King’s philosophy of non-violent tactics were too moderate and limited, poverty and voting rights. During 1965 to 1970, black leaders responded to these issues in a number of ways. Responses to these issues included the forming of Black Nationalist groups, voter registration campaigns and campaigns to get rid of poverty. An issue that emerged during 1965-1970 for the black civil rights movement was voting rights. Even though blacks had been given the right to vote since 1964, they often were frightened and intimidated by the whites if they went and voted. An example of this is with Fannie Ion Hamer. When Hamer came back from registering to vote, she was met by the owner of the plantation where she and her husband had worked for 17 years and was told that she would either leave or withdraw her name from the voters roll. She left and that night 16 shots were fired at the house she and her husband were staying in. Blacks were forced to do literacy tests, which most failed, before they could become registered voters; this was done to prevent the blacks from voting as they didn’t have very good literacy skills. By 1965 very few blacks were still not enrolled for example in Selma and Alabama, where only 350 blacks were registered to vote. The voting had become a new issue because many black civil rights leaders realized the significance of blacks voting to get their own people into positions of authority and create more progress for blacks in America. Another issue that emerged in the 1965-1970 for the black civil rights movement was the question whether Martin Luther King’s philosophy of non-violence stance was too moderate and limited. Martin Luther King’s tactics for making America desegregated was all non-violence, for example sit-ins, marches, signs or protests, boycotts, freedom rides and wait-ins. At first these tactics worked. The freedom rides achieved to desegregate bus terminals, issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission. The sit-ins worked because the protesters annoyed the whites, but not enough for them to take violent action from the police. Bills and laws were being passed. In the 1963 Birmingham campaign led by Martin Luther King the sit-ins, boycotts and mass marches managed to desegregate Birmingham. But by 1966 Black Power emerged and was an alternative philosophy to non-violent protest that civil rights’ activists could use. To some black leaders the methods Martin Luther King had always seemed too fair and his aim of winning concessions from the white majority appeared too inadequate. This was an issue to many blacks, because even though the non-violent methods worked most of the time, blacks were still getting beaten for it and or even killed. The Black Power became a very good alternative because it united black people to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It was a call for black people to define their own goals, doing whatever is necessary to get what they need. The Black Power proved its point in the riots that emerged in Watts, Selma and Chicago, where blacks got what they wanted using means of violence. The riots showed that violence can be the answer too, the total opposite of Martin Luther King’s beliefs. Poverty was another issue the civil rights movement had to face in the period 1965-1970. Poverty of blacks occurred because of blacks being denied skilled jobs that paid well, this led the blacks to not having enough money for education, housing and food supplies, which led to theft among their own people. Blacks in ghettos believed there was no point in going to school if in the end they weren’t to get any good, well paid jobs. Blacks found that there was no use in working if their jobs paid a little more than the Social Security payments for the unemployed. These beliefs created a cycle of poverty and that in order to change and progress further than they already are they needed to break that poverty cycle. This proved to be a great challenge for conservative black groups and leaders but was one of the significant factors for the rise of nationalists groups. In response to the issue of voting rights, black leaders held many voter registration campaigns and demonstrations. An example was the Selma Campaign in 1965, which became a significant campaign. Marches from Selma to Montgomery, which had been banned by the Federal Court, was led by Martin Luther King. On one march the marchers were met by State Troops and so King led them in prayer and marched them back to Selma. This cost the support of many King’s younger supporters, but the Selma Campaign was still a success. This led to the introduction of the Voters’ Rights Bill, which ensured that obstruction to voting would be prevented and many more blacks were now enrolling. In response to the questioning of Martin Luther Kings non-violent methods, black leaders started to form nationalists groups which had more violent policies. For example, in 1966 the Black Panthers were formed. They called for the arming of blacks, to have all blacks released from prison and for blacks to receive compensation for centuries of exploitation by whites. This group also used a lot of violence, but younger blacks found this more appealing than Martin Luther King’s tactics, as they had more aggressive approaches and could relate to blacks who had grown up in the ghettos. Finally, in response to the issue of poverty, black leaders held campaigns for this problem too. During 1968, King organised the ‘Poor Peoples Campaign’. This was an attempt to bring together all of America’s poor – not just blacks – and was obviously not fought along racial lines. This would have been a great way to deal with the poverty of America because it would have brought together many different groups of people in order to achieve common goals. In conclusion during the civil rights movement in years 1965-1970, the new issues that emerged were voting rights, the question whether Martin Luther King’s tactics were too fair and limited and poverty. These issues were responded by the black leaders in different ways such as the forming of Black Nationalists groups, for example the Black Panthers, voter registration campaigns and campaigns to get rid of poverty.

What is a long-loop reflex?

What is a long-loop reflex? A rapid stretch of a voluntarily contracting muscle evokes electromyographic (EMG) responses at various latencies, as described by Loo, K. McCloskey, D. (1985). Response latency measures the time delay between a perturbation and response, the response is typically greater in a stretch than a jolt as found by Lee and Tatton (1975) who also proposed that there are typically 3 responses to a muscle stretch namely M1, M2 and M3. The first, M1, represents the short latency involuntary monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex involving primary afferents. M2 represents the delayed response corresponding to the, perhaps transcortical, long loop reflex response and M3 represents the latency for a voluntary response mediated by the cerebellum. These 3 distinct responses can be displayed graphically, as shown in figure 1. From analyzing figure 1 we can see that, using the terminology introduced by Lee Tatton (1985), M1 is the response seen approximately 45-60ms after the perturbation, M2 represents the increase in EMG activity 60-90ms after the perturbation and the increase in EMG activity between a latency of 90-110ms is termed M3. Any response with a latency of greater than 110ms is a voluntary response and is not considered to be a reflex response. These findings have been widely accepted and are frequently cited in later studies, for example in the study by Thilmann, A. F., Schwartz, M., Topper, R. Fellows, S.J. and Noth, J. (1991). Suminski, A.J., Rao, S.M., Mosier, K.M. and Scheidt, R.A. (2007) made a similar discovery finding short latency responses arising from monosynaptic reflexes, consistent with the latency of the M1 response. Petersen, N., Christensen, L., Morita, H., Sinkjà ²r, T. and Nielsen, J. (1998) showed that ankle dorsiflexors typically show an M3 response. More interestingly, this paper also claims that the M2 response in the upper limb seems to correspond with the M3 response in the lower limbs. According to Corden,  D.M., Lippold,  O.C.J., Buchanan, K. and Norrington, C. (2000), the second component of the stretch reflex response, M2, was first discovered by  Hammond (1955) who believes that the long latency is due to the long loop reflex travelling the extra distance to the cortex. Hammond (1956) studied the EMG response in the bicep muscle and found that the earliest voluntary muscle activation in response to mechanical taps occur after 90-100ms which contradicts with the later findings from Lee Tatton (1975) who claim voluntary response represents latencies greater than 110ms. This raises the possibility that the long loop reflex may have voluntary input. There have been many studies carried out investigating if the long-loop reflex is mediated by transcortical pathways. Logically, one would expect reflexes to be a hard-wired response and voluntary movement to have variation in responses. However, Evarts and Fromm (1981) provides evidence suggesting variability in their study of the wrist position. They concluded that the long loop reflex gives a pathway for the motor cortex to initiate closed loop feedback control to the flexors and extensors of the wrist. It can be argued that long latency responses fit both voluntary and reflex criteria. Arthur Prochazka, for one example, took particular interest in ambiguity for the correct definition of a reflex. For instance, is it regarded as a response which happens too quickly for the brain to notice, in which case, the M2 response would not be classed as a reflex since it is of long latency, or can it be defined as an involuntary response, in which case, the M2 response would be classed as a reflex since it occurs below the time threshold for it to be a voluntary action and occurs without any conscious awareness of the movement. If the long loop reflex goes via the motor cortex, it could be influenced voluntarily. A notable study by Loo McCloskey (1985) proposed that long loop reflexes are variable. This report studied the EMG responses of the flexor pollicis longus when a stretch was applied to the thumb-tip. The subject was required to initially have the muscle in a fixed, contracting state generating a constant force to give a baseline EMG to compare any results found against. Their results showed that, in the isometric holding task, all participants of the study could significantly alter the long latency responses to a stretch with some subjects recording up to 95% reduction in EMG activity when instructed to let go as opposed to resist. This indicates that motor set has an influence on the long loop reflex. Although the results for the isometric tracking, isotonic tracking and weight lifting tasks were less convincing, they still showed the ability to decrease EMG activity when told to let go not resis t, contradicting previously claimed results from Marsden et al (1976) which suggested that prior instructions had no influence on EMG responses. When the thumb was anaesthetised, there was no evidence of abolishment of the long latency EMG response, contrary to what was noted by Marsden, Merton Morton (1971). However, Loo McCloskey (1985) found there was a significant linear correlation between the percentage increase in perceived heaviness and the percentage reduction in long latency reflex. This study provides us with defining results, however, not all subjects performed all tests and not all results were significant so there still remains room for debate. Long loop reflexes were found to be abolished or depressed by lesions to the pathways to and from the cerebral cortex, again, giving the view that the long loop reflex does take a transcortical pathway. Matthews, P. B., Farmer, S. F. Ingram, D. A. (1990) also concluded from their study on the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements that long loop reflexes are mediated transcortically. The long loop reflex, it has been suggested, has a slower onset due to the longer route the reflex has to take. A monosynaptic spinal reflex arc is clearly a shorter route than the long loop reflex which, as some evidence shows, could go via the cortex. In a previous study, Hammond (1954) suggests the main feasible explanations for the delayed M2 response could be due to the longer neural pathway it takes or that the neurones involved are slower conducting. Matthews (1984) discovered the same findings as he suggested in his paper that the M2 response is mediated by muscle spindle secondary endings which by nature are slower conducting afferents. Corna, S., Grasso, M., Nardone, A. and Schieppati, M. (1995) also concluded that M2 response in the ankle muscles is mediated by group II afferents. Marsden, C., Merton, P., and Morton, H., (1976) argued that the long loop reflex could not be altered by the motor set and hence concluded that the response was more likely to be a reflex respons e than voluntarily response. However, as pointed out by Loo McCloskey (1985), the subjects of the experiment were in fact the researchers themselves, hence, the results may be bias because sub-consciously they are aware of the experiment and what is going to happen and already have a prediction of what they want to happen. Rothwell, Traub and Marsden (1980) also suggested that long loop reflexes are not variable. Gassel (1970) claims that long loop reflexes occur predominantly with stimulation of cutaneous nerves or dorsal roots. To this end, Marsden et al. (1978) studied the stretch reflex response in the human flexor pollicis longus, which when stimulated, results in flexion of the thumb. If this muscle is stabilized, for example, fixed in plasticine, then cutaneous nerve activity can be detected. It is proposed that long loop reflexes going via the motor cortex, have become progressively more important in effective motor control of motor skills. There is an initial judgement of the required strength of the muscle contractions needed before any specific movement. Any error in the estimate will result in the activation of the muscle spindle receptors and will result in a corrective long loop reflex, which causes an appropriate change in the signals from the motor cortex, correcting the response of the movement. This happens with a latency of less than 50 msec. This is about 70msec for lower limbs. This corrective compensation is automatic and unconscious. The pathways for 1a receptors up to the motor cortex and hence participation in long loop reflexes have been recognized in mammals such as the cat (Landgren, 1984). Clarac, F. (2005) suggests that the long loop reflexes play an important role in the adaptation of flexors and extensors and hence are useful in posture and moveme nt. He also suggests that they are involved in the mechanisms for anticipating movement, which supports the evidence of a transcortical route since there is input from the brain. Shemmell, J., An, J.H. and Perreault, E.J. (2009) claim transcortical long-loop reflexes are useful in adding flexibility to the human stretch reflex allowing adaptation to a wider range of functional tasks. They also highlight in their report that reflex sensitivity is increased in unstable environments. This study also provides evidence supporting the transcortical route of the long loop reflex since, similar to the findings of Loo McCloskey (1985), if the subject was given instruction prior to the perturbation, the long-loop reflex provides the ability to achieve the desired result even if this is contrary to the stabilizing response you would expect. Their study concludes that stretch reflex modulation in tasks that require changes in limb stability is mediated by motor cortical pathways, and that these differ from pathways contributing to reflex modulation that depend on how the subject is instructed to react to an imposed perturbation. The experiment went on to observe the eff ects of using transcranial magnetic stimulation to create a cortical silent period whereby the muscle stretch was timed so that the M2 response of the stretch reflex occurred during this silent phase. As a result of this, the idea that reflex sensitivity could be increased when in a stable environment was abolished. The reflex responses seen from altered task instruction was found to be not influenced by cortical silence. These results demonstrate that task-dependent changes in reflex function can be mediated through multiple neural pathways and that these pathways have task-specific roles. More recently, Petersen, N. et al. (1998) investigated the possibility of a transcortical pathway by applying stretch to ankle dorsiflexors and recording the EMG signals. In the introduction, Peterson et al. (1998) states that it is widely accepted, for muscles in the distal upper limb, for the long-loop reflex (M2) to be mediated by a transcortical reflex pathway. There is little evidence showin g the same result in proximal and lower limb muscles. Thilmann et al. (1991) found that the M2 response showed no significant change in proximal and lower limb muscles after lesions of supraspinal pathways whereas the M2 responses disappeared in hand muscles after the same lesion. A more clinical approach by Diener, H., Dichgans, J., Hà ¼lser, P.-J., Buettner, U.-W., Bacher, M.  and Guschbauer, B. (1984) suggests the long loop reflex is useful in diagnosing multiple sclerosis. 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